There is an assortment of uses for washers, with different metals serving different purposes. The type of material chosen has an impactful influence on its intended usage - hardened washers are ideal for keeping fasteners secure under challenging or demanding circumstances while soft metals like copper and aluminum offer load distribution benefits.
USS flat washers are incredibly flexible fasteners used for an array of projects. More commonly referred to simply as washers, they're commonly employed under headed bolts or screws with threaded nuts to evenly distribute the force applied to their heads and reduce surface pressure against workpieces. Flat washers feature larger ID than other types to provide ample clearance; grades and sizes available range from standard (USS), to hot dip galvanized which offers great corrosion protection.
Manufacturing of washers begins with feeding a blank sheet of metal into a stamping or power press ram. A die, in customized shape, is then pressed against it and stamped out of it into an assembled washer. Stamping is a cold metal working process capable of high production rates from single sheets.
Flat washers that have been hot-dipped galvanized may impede the functionality of DTI devices installed underneath, preventing the DTI from reaching orange indicator events at all available bump locations. This condition can often be rectified by selecting a tighter inner diameter flat washer to use instead.

Galvanized flat washers